Methods and devices for the treatment of urinary incontinence

ABSTRACT

Methods and devices for treating female stress urinary incontinence are disclosed. The methods include transvaginally accessing the pelvic cavity and introducing a suburethral sling into the retropubic space. In some embodiments the ends of the sling are attached to an anatomical support structure. In other embodiments, the ends of the suburethral sling are not attached to an anatomical support structure. The devices include a surgical instrument for blunt dissection of the pelvic cavity which includes a curved shaft and a blunt distal end. A hook deployment device may optionally be attached to the surgical instrument.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the priority to and the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/209,234 filed on Jun. 5, 2000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This invention relates to methods and devices for the treatment of female urinary incontinence.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

[0003] Stress urinary incontinence in women may be caused by urethral hypermobility. Hypermobility is a condition in which the pelvic floor fails to properly support an area between the bladder neck and mid-urethra, thus permitting the urethra to descend from its normal anatomic position in response to increases in intra-abdominal pressure, resulting in urinary incontinence.

[0004] Surgical procedures for stabilizing the urethra include suburethral slings and needle suspensions. In some sling procedures, a suburethral sling is placed around the posterior side of the urethra and the ends are attached to an anatomical support structure, for example, the Cooper's ligament, or the abdominal fascia. In some variations, however, a suburethral sling may be placed around the posterior side of the urethra with the ends left free, that is, the ends of the sling are not attached to an anatomical structure. In needle suspension methods, the urethra is suspended by fastening periurethral tissue to anatomical support structures using sutures. In one variation of both the suburethral sling and the needle suspension procedures, the sling or suture is attached to the pubic bone by a bone anchor or surgical staple. The introduction of such foreign objects into bone, however, presents a risk of bone marrow infection and/or pubic osteitis. Furthermore, drilling holes into the pubic bone and/or driving a bone anchor into the pubic bone is contraindicated for patients with osteoporosis. The common goal of suburetheral sling and bladder neck suspension procedures is to return the poorly supported, hypermobile urethra to its normal retropubic position.

[0005] Suburethral sling procedures and needle suspension procedures involve cutting through vaginal and/or retropubic tissue using a sharp tunneling instrument such as a suspension needle or a suture carrier. Because suspension needles and suture carriers include a sharp tip, there is a danger that the needle or carrier may wound large blood vessels present in the operating regions. Sharp-tipped suspension needles and suture carriers also present a risk of puncturing or otherwise injuring the bladder and/or other abdominal organs. Furthermore, the sharp end of the suspension needle or the suture carrier may cause puncture wounds to the surgeon's fingers, thus presenting a potential risk of infection to both the patient and the surgeon.

[0006] Variations of suburetheral sling and needle suspension procedures involve different approaches for accessing the surgical field. For example, some suburethral sling and needle suspension procedures involve open retropubic surgery, where the surgical field is accessed through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall followed by dissection with sharp instruments. Alternatively, the surgical field may be accessed through an incision in the anterior vaginal wall followed by dissection with sharp instruments. In some procedures, a combined abdominal and transvaginal approach is employed. Such procedures involving “blind” dissection with sharp instruments is highly invasive and may cause significant trauma to the patient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Methods and instruments for treating female urinary incontinence that obviate the need for “blind” dissection with sharp instruments and/or the use of bone anchors, and thus, avoiding the ensuing complications, are disclosed.

[0008] A surgical instrument for treating urinary incontinence includes a handle and a curved shaft extending in a distal direction from the handle. The shaft terminates at its distal end in a blunt tip for blunt dissection of tissue. A grasping mechanism is located within a distal end portion of the shaft. The grasping mechanism can be a three-position window actuated by an actuator located on the handle, and can grasp and cut suture or sling material. The instrument is adapted to transvaginally access interior tissue within a human body, and to attach sutures or slings onto a desired attachment point. The surgical instrument can be used in conjunction with a hook-type suture deployment device. The hook-type suture deployment device is adapted to attach onto the surgical instrument and to retain a suture-carrying hook. A pair of distal flaps shields the hook from surrounding tissue during insertion of the device into the body. A pair of proximal tabs release the distal flaps so as to disengage the hook from the device, allowing the hook to engage into anchoring tissue, thereby attaching a suture onto a desired location.

[0009] It is an object of this invention to provide instruments and methods for treating female stress urinary incontinence through transvaginal access and by blunt dissection. It is another object of this invention to provide instruments and methods for deploying sutures and/or slings in a surgical procedure, with reduced risk of accidental puncturing of the surgeon's fingers or injury to the patient's bladder and/or other abdominal organs.

[0010] In one another aspect, the present invention provides surgical instruments adapted for use in procedures to treat female urinary incontinence. The instrument includes a handle and a curved shaft that extends in a distal direction from the handle. The instrument is adapted to access interior tissue within a human body, such as the pelvic cavity. In one embodiment, the handle includes a friction-based gripping surface. A blunt tip is disposed at a distal end of the shaft for blunt dissection of tissue. The shaft is curved upward to facilitate transvaginal access of the pelvic cavity. In particular, the curved shaft and blunt tip allow the instrument to be moved through the endopelvic floor via blunt dissection, and to access retropubic tissue or suture attachment points such as Cooper's ligament or rectus fascia. A grasping mechanism, for grasping and cutting sutures or slings, may be located within a distal end portion of the shaft. The grasping mechanism is adapted to release a suture or a sling from the surgical instrument at a desired retropubic location. In an alternative embodiment, a hook deployment device may be attached to the surgical instrument through the grasping mechanism.

[0011] In one embodiment, the grasping mechanism comprises a window that is adapted to be positioned in an open, an intermediate, and a closed position. An actuator located on the handle of the surgical device controls the window position. In some embodiments, the actuator includes a knob or a button located on the handle. A suture or sling may be introduced into the instrument when the window is in the open position, retained in the surgical instrument when the window is in the intermediate position, and released from the instrument when the window is placed in the closed position.

[0012] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating female urinary incontinence by supporting the bladder neck with an anchorless sling. In these methods, a first end of a sling is grasped through a curved surgical instrument having a blunt tip. In one embodiment, the ends of the sling are attached to sutures, and the suture is grasped in the surgical instrument. First and second incisions are made in the anterior vaginal wall on either side of the urethra, and the surgical instrument loaded with a sling is inserted into the body through the first vaginal wall incision. Guiding the surgical instrument through the endopelvic fascia, blunt dissection of tissue is performed through the endopelvic floor without cutting or piercing tissue. Once the surgical instrument carrying the sling reaches the desired location, the cutting mechanism is actuated and the suture or the sling is cut to release the sling at the retropubic location. The process is repeated on the contralateral side of the urethra thereby treating female urinary incontinence by suburethral placement of an anchorless sling.

[0013] In one embodiment, the method of treatment comprises the steps of grasping one end of the sling or the suture by placing the window of the grasping mechanism in an open position, inserting the sling or suture into the window of the grasping mechanism, placing the window into the intermediate position, transvaginally introducing the surgical instrument into the retropubic space, deploying the sling by placing the window in the closed position, thereby cutting the sling ends or the sutures, and repeating the procedure on the opposite side of the urethra.

[0014] In an alternative embodiment, the method of treatment comprises the steps of grasping one end of the sling or the suture by placing the window of the grasping mechanism in an open position, inserting the sling or suture into the window of the grasping mechanism, placing the window into the intermediate position, transvaginally introducing the surgical instrument into the retropubic space, blunt dissecting up to the pubic symphysis, tracing the pubic symphysis, “tenting” the abdominal wall with the blunt tip of the surgical instrument, making an incision in the abdominal wall at the site of the “tented” tissue, thus creating a tunnel through the vaginal wall to the abdominal wall without performing “blind” dissection with a sharp instrument. After the tunnel has been established, a sling or suture-carrying sling may be attached to the abdominal wall and/or the rectus fascia. The procedure is then repeated on the contralateral side of the urethra, resulting in a suburethral sling or suture suspension of the urethra.

[0015] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a device for deploying a surgical implant, such as a suture-carrying surgical hook, within a human body. The deployment device comprises a body member adapted to attach or clip onto an instrument, preferably a minimally invasive surgical tool such as the surgical instrument described above. The body member includes a hemi-cylindrical-shaped connector adapted for attachment to the grasping mechanism of the surgical instrument. The hemi-cylindrical-shaped connector includes a fold line positioned along a central axis of the body member and a grasping bar. The deployment device also includes a suture hook retainer, a pair of distal flaps, and a pair of proximal tabs.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment, the distal flaps, the pair of proximal tabs pair, and the retainer are coupled to the body member along the central axis of the convex surface of the hemi-cylindrical connector. The retainer is proximal to the proximal tabs, which is proximal to the pair of distal flaps. The distal flaps releasably attaches the curved top of the hook to the deployment device and the retainer releasably attaches the proximal end of the hook to the deployment device. The proximal tabs enclose the pointed tip of the suture carrying-hook from surrounding tissue until deployment.

[0017] The proximal tabs of the pair of proximal tabs are bendable distally toward the central axis of the body. When the device is positioned at the deployment site, the surgeon applies a retrograde force to surgical instrument thereby causing the pair of proximal tabs to bend distally toward the central axis of the body member. When the pair of proximal tabs are flexed in the distal direction 1) the pointed tip of the suture-carrying hook is exposed and 2) the proximal tabs engage the distal flaps. Upon engagement of the distal flaps by the proximal tabs, the distal flaps are driven outward in a direction generally perpendicular to the central axis of the body. Thus, when the pair of proximal tabs is flexed in the distal direction, the pointed tip of the hook is exposed and the curved top of the hook is released, permitting the tip of the hook to engage surrounding tissue, and detaching the hook from the deployment device.

[0018] In another aspect, this invention provides a surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence that comprises anchored placement of a suburethral sling. In this method, a sling is attached to a shaft of a hook, the hook and the attached suture are placed within a hook deployment device that includes a shield for the hook. The hook deployment device is attached by a snap fit to a curved surgical instrument that includes a blunt tip. In another embodiment, the hook deployment device may be attached to the curved surgical instrument through a grasping mechanism of the surgical instrument. The instrument and the attached deployment device are transvaginally inserted into the body through a vaginal incision. The instrument is guided through endopelvic fascia via blunt dissection, without the use of sharp instruments. The suture-carrying hook is deployed in the abdominal cavity as follows. After the hook deployment site has been accessed, the surgeon positions the deployment device so that the tip of the hook faces the desired anatomical support structure. The surgeon applies a retrograde force to the surgical instrument and the hook is then released from the deployment device and anchored at a desired location within the body, for example, the Cooper's ligament or another retropubic support structure, with the suture or sling extending from the shaft of the hook. The free end of the sling is then anchored on the contralateral side of the urethra by repeating the procedure on the opposite side of the urethra.

[0019] Other aspects, features, and embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the following description including the following description of the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different figures. The drawings are not to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. Preferred and exemplary embodiments of the present invention are discussed further in the detailed description, with reference to the drawings, which show the following.

[0021]FIG. 1 shows a surgical instrument for treating female urinary incontinence constructed according to the present invention.

[0022]FIG. 2 shows the grasping mechanism of the surgical instrument shown in FIG. 1.

[0023]FIG. 2A shows the grasping mechanism of the surgical instrument shown in FIG. 1 with the three-position window in the open position.

[0024]FIG. 2B shows the grasping mechanism of the surgical instrument shown in FIG. 1 with the three-position window in the intermediate position.

[0025]FIG. 2C shows the grasping mechanism of the surgical instrument shown in FIG. 1 with the three-position window in the closed position.

[0026]FIG. 3 shows a hook-type suture deployment device constructed according to the present invention.

[0027]FIG. 4 shows another view of the hook-type suture deployment device constructed according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] In overview, FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a surgical instrument 10 constructed according to the present invention for delivery of sutures or slings for the surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence. The curved surgical instrument 10 is constructed to transvaginally deliver sutures and/or slings to appropriate locations within the body to treat incontinence, without a need for dissection with sharp instruments.

[0029] The surgical instrument 10 is adaptable to be used in conjunction with a variety of tips and a variety of suture and/or sling deployment devices, providing the surgeon the flexibility to choose between different fixation methods.

[0030] A hook-type suture deployment device 50 is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. The hook-type suture deployment device 50 provides for suture or sling attachment onto an anatomical support structure.

[0031] Referring to FIG. 1, a curved surgical instrument 10 according to the present invention comprises a handle 14 and a shaft 16 extending in a distal direction from the handle 14. The shaft 16 has a proximal end 18 attached to the handle 14 and a distal end 19. The distal end 19 of the shaft 16 terminates in a blunt tip 20 adapted for blunt dissection of tissue. An example of the preferred shape is a “duck billed shape” wherein the shaft is cylindrical and the tip tapers at one side with a rounded surface at the distal end. A grasping mechanism 22 is located within the distal end portion of the shaft 16.

[0032] The handle 14 is adapted for gripping with ease. In preferred embodiments, the handle is at least about 4 inches in length. The handle 14 may be made of any relatively firm material, including plastics or metals. In one embodiment, the handle 14 tapers towards the proximal 13 end, to facilitate gripping by the user, as shown in FIG. 1. In another embodiment, the distal end 15 of the handle is tapered to facilitate gripping by the user. In yet another embodiment, both the distal end 15 and the proximal end 13 of the handle are tapered and thus, the central section 17 is wider than either the distal end or the proximal end of the handle 14. The handle is provided with knurling or other surface texturing to produce a high friction, non-slip gripping surface.

[0033] The elongated shaft 16 extends distally from the handle 14, and comprises a curved portion 24. The shaft 16 is curved in order to facilitate a proper transvaginal insertion and manipulation of the surgical instrument 10. The shaft 16 is generally linear at its proximal end 18 and angles upward near its distal end 19. The upward angle can be from 10 to about 135 degrees. In a preferred embodiment, the upward angle is approximately 30-60 degrees. In a most preferred embodiment, the upward angle is approximately 45 degrees. The shaft 16 may be made of any of a variety of medically acceptable materials, including steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium, but is preferably made of stainless steel. The shaft 16 may have a variety of cross sectional shapes, including rectangular, hexagonal, or triangular, but preferably the shaft 16 has a circular cross section. The length of the shaft 16 is consistent with transvaginal delivery of sutures or slings. In preferred embodiments, the length of the shaft 16 is within the range of from about 6 inches to about 8 inches.

[0034] The shaft 16 terminates at its distal end 19 in a blunt tip 20. In a preferred embodiment the shaft has a circular cross section and the blunt tip 20 is beveled at the distal end with rounded edges such that the blunt tip of the shaft is “duck-billed shaped.” The blunt tip 20 permits blunt dissection of tissue, rather than cutting through tissue with an instrument having sharp edges. Thus, the tissues are separated along their natural planes and damage to the traversed tissues is minimized. The blunt tip 20, together with the curved shaft 16, permit the surgeon to guide the instrument 10 from the vaginal cavity to the retropubic space so as to access the suture or sling deployment site while reducing damage to the pelvic cavity.

[0035] The grasping mechanism 22 is adapted, in a grasping mode, to grasp a suture or a sling, so that the surgical instrument 10 can deliver the suture or sling to a desired location within the body. In the cutting mode, the grasping mechanism 22 is adapted to cut the suture or sling, thereby detaching the suture or sling from the surgical instrument 10 and leaving the suture or sling at a deployment site.

[0036] In some embodiments, the grasping mechanism 22 includes a three-position window 26 operated by an actuator 28 located on the handle 14. FIG. 2 provides an enlarged view of one embodiment of the grasping mechanism 22 of the surgical instrument 10 including a three-position window 26. In this exemplary embodiment, the window 26 includes an L-shaped slot 30 that defines an opening 32 on the upper side of the shaft 16 near the distal end 19. The L-shaped slot 30 comprises a longitudinal portion 34, which is the vertical portion of the L-shaped slot. The longitudinal portion of the L-shaped slot 34 extends longitudinally along a portion of the distal end 19 of the shaft 16. The horizontal portion of the L-shaped slot 35 defines the opening 32 of the three-position window when a movable element 36 of the window is placed in the open position.

[0037] In one embodiment, an actuator 28, located on the handle 14 operates the three position window 26. The actuator 28 operates a moveable element 36 positioned within the window 26. When the actuator 28 is the open position, the moveable element 36 is retracted in the proximal location and the window 26 is open (FIG. 2A). When the actuator 28 is the intermediate position, the moveable element 36 is extended in the distal direction, the window 26 is closed and there is a gap between the distal end of the slot and the distal end of the moveable element (FIG. 2B). When the actuator 28 is the closed position, the moveable element 36 is fully extended in the distal direction, the window 26 is closed, and there is no gap between the distal end of the slot and the distal end of the moveable element (FIG. 2C). In one variation of this embodiment, the moveable element 36 includes a cutting edge (not shown) adapted to cut the suture or sling when the moveable element is placed in the closed position.

[0038] The surgical instrument 10 as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is adapted to transvaginally access an anatomical support structure that may be used as a sling and/or suture deployment site in the surgical treatment of female urinary incontinence. The curved shaft 16 and the blunt tip 20 permit transvaginal access and blunt dissection of tissue. Because the curved surgical instrument permits transvaginal access to the retropubic space, no abdominal incision is required and thus, patient morbidity is thereby reduced.

[0039] In preferred embodiments, the surgical procedure may be initiated by applying anesthesia to the female patient. The patient is placed in the lithotomy position and a pair of incisions is made in the anterior vaginal wall on either side of the urethra. The surgeon holds the curved surgical instrument 10 via the handle 14, the moveable element is set in the open position and a suture or sling material is inserted into the grasping mechanism through the opening 32 in the window 26. The actuator is set to place the moveable element 36 in the intermediate grasping position. The surgeon then inserts the instrument 10 through the anterior vaginal incision. The surgeon performs blunt dissection of tissue by using the blunt tip 20 of the instrument 10, and by digitally separating tissue and muscle. The deep endopelvic fascia is bluntly dissected in order to access the retropubic space. Blunt dissection thus proceeds from the vaginal incision through the vesicovaginal space, and into the retropubic space.

[0040] The surgeon completely traces the backside of the pubic symphysis with the instrument 10, guiding the instrument 10 through the rectus fascia, and accesses Cooper's ligament or another anatomical support structure. The surgeon, through tactile palpation, may identify the chosen anatomical support structure. Once the surgical instrument reaches the deployment site, the surgeon places the actuator in the closed position and the sling or suture is severed and thus released from the surgical device. The suture or sling material is thereby detached from the instrument 10, and attaches to the desired anatomical support structure.

[0041] The surgical instrument 10 can also be adapted to be used in conjunction with different types of suture deployment devices, which may be attached at the distal end 19 of the shaft 16. The surgical instrument 10 thus allows the surgeon to choose the type of sling or suture deployment procedure best suited to his patient's needs and to his own preferences.

[0042]FIGS. 3 and 4 show one embodiment of a hook-type suture deployment device 50 constructed according to the present invention. The hook-type suture deployment device 50 is adapted to be clipped onto a surgical tool, such as the surgical instrument 10. The suture deployment device 50 can be used to attach sutures to anatomical support surfaces such as Cooper's ligament, without the need for bone anchors. The device 50 is adapted to engage a suture-carrying hook 56 onto anchoring tissue, while shielding the sharp tip of the hook 56 during insertion and deployment of the hook.

[0043] In overview, the suture deployment device 50 comprises a body 52, a suture hook retainer 54 for retaining the suture carrying hook 56, a pair of distal flaps 86 for retaining and shielding the hook 56 from surrounding tissue during insertion of the suture deployment device 50 into the body, and a pair of proximal tabs 88 adapted to protect the tip 80 of the suture-carrying hook 56 when the device is being deployed. The proximal tabs 86 are also adapted to flex distally thus displacing the distal flaps 58 and exposing the pointed tip 80 of a suture-carrying hook 56. The hook 56 is adapted for engagement in anchoring tissue 62. The deployment device 50 may be made of any of a variety of medically acceptable materials, including plastic and/or metal, for example aluminum, titanium, or stainless steel. The dimensions of the deployment device 50 are preferably from about 2.0 cm to about 2.5 cm in length, and about 0.6 cm to about 0.9 cm in width.

[0044] The deployment device comprises a body 52 adapted to attach or clip onto an instrument, such as the curved surgical instrument 10 described above. In one embodiment, the body member includes a hemi-cylindrical-shaped connector 70 adapted for attachment to the distal section of the surgical instrument. The semi-cylindrical-shaped connector includes a central axis and aligned with a physical fold line 68. The semi-cylindrical-shaped connector may be attached to the shaft of the surgical instrument by friction fit. Optionally, the connector includes a grasping bar 69 that is adapted for engagement with the grasping mechanism of the surgical instrument. A suture hook retainer 54, a pair of distal flaps 86, and a pair of proximal tabs 88 are coupled to the body member along the central axis of the convex surface of the semi-cylindrical connector 70.

[0045] The body of the deployment device 52 comprises a retainer 54 for attaching the proximal end of the suture-carrying hook to the deployment device. The suture-carrying hook 56 includes a linear shaft 74 that has a proximal end 76 and a curved top end 78 terminating in a sharp tip 80. A suture or sling 81 is attached to the proximal end of the hook. In one embodiment, the suture or sling is threaded is an eyelet 82 formed at a proximal end 76 of the shaft 74 of the hook 56. In other embodiments, the suture or sling is integrally attached to the hook.

[0046] In an exemplary embodiment, the length of the hook 56 may be approximately 1.0-1.5 cm, and the height of the hook 56 (i.e. the perpendicular distance between the tip 80 and the linear shaft 74 may be approximately 0.2-0.5 cm. In a preferred embodiment, the height of the hook is about 0.3 cm. The hook may be made from any biologically compatible and medically acceptable material, such as titanium, aluminum, or stainless steel.

[0047] The retainer 54 is coupled to the body member 52 on the convex surface of the connector at the proximal end 66 of the body member 52. In one embodiment, the retainer comprises 54 is a snap located on the physical fold line 68 of the body 52 at the proximal end 66 of the body 52. The snap releasably holds the linear shaft 74 of the hook 56 by a friction fit.

[0048] In one embodiment, the pair of distal flaps 86 grasps and protects the curved top 78 of suture-carrying hook 56. The retainer 54 may grasp the proximal end of the suture-carrying hook 56 through, for example, friction fit. The pair of proximal tabs 88 is located adjacent to and spaced apart from the distal flaps 86 such that the pair of proximal tabs 88 contacts the distal flaps 86 when the proximal tabs 88 are flexed forward in the distal direction.

[0049] The pair of distal flaps 86 is located on the central axis of the body member 52 at the distal end 64. The pair of distal flaps 86 is adjacent to and spaced apart from the retainer 54. The shield formed by the distal flaps 86 is adapted to enclose the curved top end 78 of the hook 56. The distal flaps 86 are attached to the convex surface of the connector along the fold line 68 of the body member 52 such that one flap is positioned on each side of the fold line 68.

[0050] The proximal tabs 88 are bendable inward, toward the fold line 68 of the body 52. The proximal tabs 88 are located adjacent to and spaced apart from the distal flaps 86. The distance between the proximal tabs 88 and the distal flaps 86 is such that when the proximal tabs 88 bend inward, they engage the interior surfaces of the distal flaps 86. When the instrument is drawn in the proximal direction, the proximal tabs 88 engage the distal flaps 86. Upon engagement of the distal flaps 86 by the proximal tabs 88, the distal flaps 86 are driven outward, generally, in a direction perpendicular to the fold line 68 of the body member 52. This action exposes the hook 56. Drawing the device in the proximal direction drives the sharp tip 80 of the hook 56 into the surrounding anchoring tissue 62, and releases the hook 56 from the deployment device 50.

[0051] In operation, the surgeon attaches a suture or a sling 81 onto the proximal end 76 of a hook 56, for example through an eyelet 82 in the shaft of the hook. In alternative embodiments, the suture or sling is permanently affixed to the distal end of the hook. The shaft 74 of the hook 56 is releasably engaged by the retainer 54, and the curved top end 78 of the hook 56 is positioned within the shield formed by the distal flaps 86, which in one embodiment includes a pair of distal flaps 86 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The deployment device 50 is attached a surgical tool, such as the surgical instrument 10. The surgeon inserts the surgical instrument 10 and the attached deployment device 50 transvaginally through a vaginal incision. During insertion of the device 50 into the body, the distal flaps 86 protect the hook 56 and the sharp tip 80.

[0052] The instrument 10 is guided through the pelvic cavity into the retropubic space. The suture attachment location is chosen so that sutures or sling 81, when attached to the location can support the bladder neck and thereby treat female stress urinary incontinence. The surgeon then manipulates the instrument 10 so as to work the deployment device 50 into a position from which the hook 56 can be released and engaged into a predetermined anatomical support structure, such as, the Cooper's ligament. While the device 50 is being worked into position, the proximal tabs 88 protect the hook 56. Finally, the surgeon releases the hook 56 from the deployment device 50, thereby anchoring the hook 56 into an anatomical support structure with the suture or sling 81 extending from the proximal end 76 of the hook. The hook 56 is released from the deployment device 50 by bending inward a pair of proximal tabs 88 to drive outward a pair of distal flaps 86, thereby exposing the hook 56 and allowing the hook 56 to engage onto anchoring tissue 62. The proximal tabs 88 and the distal flaps 86 reduce the risk of injury to abdominal organs by the sharp edges of an instrument. Sutures can thus be deployed and attached more safely and efficiently, with reduced patient morbidity.

[0053] The surgical instruments 10 are adapted to deliver a variety of sling materials through a transvaginal operation. As described above, slings enhance continence by providing a fixed or unfixed support for the bladder neck and/or the proximal urethra. Possible sling materials include organic materials such as rectus fascia, fascia lata, cadaveric fascia, or synthetic materials. Organic material such as rectus fascia and fascia lata tend to produce less scarring as compared to inorganic materials.

[0054] Having described certain preferred and exemplary embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts disclosed herein can be used without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not limiting. Therefore, it is intended that the scope of the present invention be only limited by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A surgical instrument for treating female urinary incontinence, the instrument comprising: a) a handle; b) a shaft extending in a distal direction from the handle and comprising a curved portion, the shaft being adapted to access interior tissue within a human body; c) a blunt tip disposed at a distal end of the shaft for blunt dissection of tissue; and d) a grasping mechanism located within a distal end portion of the shaft.
 2. The surgical instrument of claim 1 , wherein the shaft is adapted to transvaginally access interior tissue within a female human body.
 3. The surgical instrument of claim 1 , wherein the grasping mechanism comprises a window operated by an actuator, the window being movable between an open position, an intermediate position, and a closed position.
 4. The surgical instrument of claim 3 , wherein a suture or a sling may be introduced into the instrument when the window is placed in the open position, a suture or a sling may be retained by the instrument when the window is placed in the intermediate position, and a suture or a sling may be released from the instrument when the window is placed in the closed position.
 5. The surgical instrument of claim 3 , wherein the actuator comprises a knob located on the handle.
 6. The surgical instrument of claim 1 , wherein the handle comprises a friction-based gripping surface.
 7. A device for deploying an implant within a human body, the device comprising: a body member including (a) a connector adapted to attach onto an instrument; (b) a retainer coupled to the connector for holding the implant; (c) a shield located adjacent to and spaced apart from the retainer and at a distal end of the for shielding the implant from surrounding tissue during insertion of the device into a human body; and (d) a pair of proximal tabs located adjacent to and spaced apart from the shield, the pair of proximal tabs being adapted to undo the shielding mechanism so as to expose the implant and disengage the implant from the device, thereby allowing the implant to engage into surrounding tissue.
 8. The device of claim 7 , wherein the implant is a surgical hook having a suture attached thereto, and the shielding mechanism protects a tip of the surgical hook during insertion of the surgical hook into the human body.
 9. The device of claim 7 , wherein the retainer holds the implant to the body member by a friction fit. 